Warfare in the High Skies

Unique Etihad Airways and Emirates Airways are two adversary aircrafts working from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This proposition takes a gander at a few parts of an examination venture intended to take a gander at the components of their promoting methodologies, against the scenery of their contention. The paper gives an examination of the two organizations and thinks about their advertising strategies.Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Warfare in the High Skies explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper additionally presents discoveries of past research with respect to worldwide market passage and inspects the various methodologies that might be utilized by an organization hoping to set up itself into a remote land. The paper closes by giving different proposals to both Etihad and Emirates on how they can progress by gaining from one another which may compromise the representativeness of the accomplished example. Presentation Etih ad Airways and Emirates Airways are two opponent aircrafts working from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This proposition takes a gander at a few parts of an exploration venture intended to take a gander at the components of their showcasing methodologies, against the setting of their contention. As can be seen from table 1, the salary from the carrier business continues fluctuating. Outline 1 and 2 additionally portray the outcomes in the table graphically. Table 1: Summary of Airline Profits and Margin Item/Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Operating Revenue 291 295 305 328 307 306 321 378 413 452 490 514 Operating Expense 274 279 293 317 319 311 323 375 409 440 474 498 Operating Profit 17 16 12 11 - 12 - 5 - 2 3 4 12 16 Operating Margin (%) 5.8 5.4 3.9 3.3 - 3.9 - 1.6 - 0.6 0.8 1 2.6 3.3 3.1 Net Profit 8.5 8.2 8.5 3.7 - 13 - 11.3 - 7.6 - 5.6 - 4.1 - 0.5 5.6 5 Net Margin (%) 2.9 2.8 1.1 - 4.2 - 3.7 - 2.4 - 1.5 - 1 - 0.1 1.1 1 Chart 1: Summary of Airli ne Profits and Margin Chart 2: Trend of Changes over the YearsAdvertising Looking for research project on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aims and Objectives The point of the investigation is to decide the components influencing the decision of market section models in the global market. Emirates Airlines and the Etihad Airlines have figured out how to break into universal markets regardless of harsh residential contention. This makes them the best possibility for the investigation. The destinations of the investigation will be as per the following. To examine the market passage models of Etihad Airlines and the Emirates Airlines. To examine the characterizing components and the ramifications of the contention between the Etihad Airlines and the Emirates Airlines. To decide the drawn out possibilities of the two aircrafts according to their current promoting techniques with regards to their competit ion Justification for the Topic Etihad Airways and Emirates Airlines are severe adversaries in the carrier segment in the UAE. The two carriers have been going after piece of the overall industry since the foundation of Etihad Airlines. The huge contrast between these two carriers is that Etihad Airlines is a lot more youthful than Emirates Airlines. In spite of this, Etihad Airlines is ending up being a solid contender for initiative in the UAE airspace. The principle question this prompts is â€Å"how can a youthful organization take on a set up organization and become a wild rival?† Secondly, â€Å"what promoting systems do the two carriers use, and how do these methodologies contribute towards their success?† Need for the Study The need to examine the contention between Etihad Airlines and the Emirates Airlines originates from the accompanying reasons. To start with, promoting decides the achievement or disappointment of any business. Consequently, the way that Eti had Airlines and Emirates Airlines are each effective in their own correct makes them perfect contender for an investigation in showcasing methodology. Besides, Etihad Airlines has not yet equaled the initial investment since its commencement, and it will take a couple of more years before it makes benefits. Emirates Airlines has been making benefits since its commencement. Does this circumstance originate from the advertising procedures of the two carriers? Thirdly, there is have to decide the drawn out possibilities for the two carriers given their current rivalry.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Warfare in the High Skies explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Importance of the Study The significance of this examination is that it will give a stage to looking at the viability of showcasing systems under a circumstance of unpleasant contention. The two carriers position themselves as extravagance aircrafts. They likewise offer types of ass istance in serious courses over the worldwide scene. Their competition can wind up with one of them crumbling and the other turning into an imposing business model. Then again, every one of the organizations is an objective of securing by its adversary. These issues delineate the significance of examining the promoting techniques of the two carriers so as to figure out which one is probably going to get by in the long haul. The proposition intends to give a decent foundation to see how the two contending organizations work, and how they can really exploit their qualities to situate themselves deliberately in the market. Besides, the applicable information that will result from this investigation will be a valuable asset to the two organizations as they try to grow their tasks. In light of the result of this examination, the two organizations will have the option to break down their showcasing systems and make the fundamental enhancements where vital so as to perform better. As the t wo organizations have just made a transition to infiltrate the global market, this aftereffects of this examination will give them data that is basic for their endurance in a worldwide set up. Additionally, this investigation will be a decent reference for future market inquires about or in any event, for existing and potential carrier organizations. Wellsprings of Information There are three principle wellsprings of information for this venture. Initially, the venture will inspect existing information with respect to the tasks of the two aircrafts from writing. The investigation will likewise inspect explore papers composed on different parts of the tasks of the two carriers. It will be critical to talk with individuals who utilize the aircrafts to decide the consumer loyalty files. At long last, it will be essential to examine distributions by the two organizations to translate their promoting strategies.Advertising Searching for research paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Writing Review Among different things, this segment will inspect the writing that exists with respect to these two opponent organizations. The data accumulated will later give a decent establishment to seeing how these two organizations do their advertising tasks and what's on the horizon for two. Characterizing Marketing According to pundits, the promoting idea is tied in with creating things that individuals don't generally need and afterward fooling the clients into getting them through tricky publicizing. Be that as it may, Shaw (2011) portrays advertising as a total way of thinking for maintaining a business, in view of the gathering of very much investigated, surely knew, and certified client prerequisites. It is the administration procedure answerable for recognizing, foreseeing, and fulfilling client prerequisites in a gainful way (Shaw, 2011). Clearly, the utilization of the word foreseeing in the definition stresses that advertising is a powerful control, where client prere quisites. As indicated by Shaw (2011), effective carriers are those that acknowledge the standards of showcasing ought to give a system to everything they do, and set out to apply these standards as generally and as thoroughly as could be expected under the circumstances. Foundation of Etihad Airlines and the Emirates Airlines Etihad Airways, the national carrier of the United Arab Emirates, situated in its capital Abu Dhabi, made its first business trip in November 2003 (Hausmann, Austin Mia, 2009). From that point forward, the carrier has become quicker than some other in the business avionics history, presently serving in excess of 50 goals in Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, and North America. Etihad offers the best expectations of administration and solace both on the ground and noticeable all around with world class food, grant winning level beds in its excellent lodges and the most extensive seats in the economy, just as over 500 hours of on-request in-flight amusement. Etihad works a youthful and ecologically productive armada of at any rate 42 airplane, which is set to keep developing (Hausmann, Austin Mia, 2009). The Emirates bunch comprises of Emirates Airline, Dnata, Mercator, Transguard, and Emquest. Emirates Airline’s divisions incorporate Emirates SkyCargo, and Emirates Destination and Leisure Management, which oversees Emirates occasions, Arabian Adventures, and Emirates Hotels and Resorts. As per Hausmann, Austin and Mia (2009), Emirates works administrations to 97 urban areas in 61 nations in Europe, America, the Middle East, Africa, the Indian sub substance, and Asia-Pacific. The airplane’s wide bodied armada includes more than 110 airplane and it has on hand, a further 112 airplane worth more than US$ 30 (Hausmann, Austin Mia, 2009). Obviously, universal games sponsorship assumes a focal job in Etihad’s worldwide advertising system, as it looks to build up its profile in business sectors over the world. Significant global sponsorship bargains incorporate the Ferrari F1 Grand Prix group, Chelsea Football Club, the Etihad Stadium, Harlequins Rugby Football club, and All Irish Hurling Champions. Etihad is the title backer of the Formula One Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Grand Prix (Hausmann, Austin Mia, 2009). As per Kleymann and Seristã ¶ (2004), Emirates Airlines is hesitant to join a worldwide partnership as its current relati

My media life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My media life - Essay Example PDAs, iPads, netbooks or any cell phone has managed me the movability of correspondences impractical before any of these gadgets entered the purchaser hardware market and makes life satisfying. The sheer measure of data that is today accessible out there makes me specific on which news sources that I visit and disparage. All things considered, there are just 24 hours in a day with the goal that I need to apportion my time proficiently on what destinations to visit and which news source to utilize. An individual must be segregating also concerning the data accessible, as it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to respect everything and all of data posted on the Internet as entirely solid. As it were, there is a squeezing requirement for some type of substance curation which will confirm whether data is valid or not; the remainder of data out there may not be a lot of a value or anything in the event that it has not been checked or experienced some type of altering. Any individual must be extremely separating without a doubt with regards to getting data from certain sources. I spend an impressive aggregate on my media get to, which can be isolated into TV on link and on Internet access with broadband associations. It is imperative for me that I get a genuine cash worth on what I am paying for however as referenced previously, I must be particular in the locales and wellsprings of my data which I get to nearly consistently. This implies I get what I pay for as far as diversion, news data, explicit information on certain themes for my exploration purposes, whatever this might be, and interfacing with my loved ones in distant. This implies all my data sources must be solid to a degree where I can accept everything that I read about is dependable, that data has been confirmed. The Information Age has offered route to the more current

The Process Of Foster Care - Free Essay Example

In the united states alone, there are about 400,000 children in foster care. Foster care is defined as a situation in which for a period of time a child lives with and is cared for by people who are not the childs parents. (Merriam-Webster) Of those 400,000 children in foster care about 100,000 children are waiting to be adopted. Only about 135,000 are adopted each year. (Adopt Us Kids) Adoption is defined as legally made the son or daughter of someone other than a biological parent. (Merriam-Webster) There are so many of the next generation without a stable and supporting home. This huge number of children in foster care really proves how important adoption is to the future of the lives of so many and the future of the US. Those that begin this adoption process are special people with iron will and open hearts. The process is in some cases long and exhausting, and wouldnt be possible without the social workers that assist the process. The Adoption Process from Foster Care Adoption can be a stressful but extremely rewarding process. The adoption process for a child can begin after a state-sanctioned amount of time being removed from their natural household. The period of time can be anywhere from 90 days, to 12 months. A successful adoption is deemed an adoption completed within 23 months of termination of parental rights. Decision to Adopt There are many reasons why people choose to adopt. No matter the basis for the decision, deciding to adopt is deciding to grow a family. One of the main reasons for adoption in todays world is infertility on the part of the father, mother, or both. A second similar reason is that a person may not have a partner to produce a biological child with. Another could be the couple made the decision to not have biological children because of a heritable trait or medical issue that could be passed down to their children. The third reason for adoption is the desire of a family to care for a child in need and give them a life they deserve. Selecting a type of adoption. There are many different forms of Adoption in the US; international adoption, domestic infant adoption, adoption of a child from foster care. Domestic adoptions can be either open, which allows contact with the birth family, or closed, where there is no contact with the birth family. For the purposes of this paper, the focus will be on domestic adoption. Adopting from the Foster Care System can look very different based on the type of child being adopted. Children in foster care range from infancy to young adulthood and can have any number of disabilities and special needs. Needs can range from incurable medical diagnosis to mild behavioral issues.   (Together We Rise, A Foster Care Adoption Guide, p5) Choosing an agency. There are several different methods for domestic adoption including; public agencies, private agencies, and an adoption attorney. Public adoption agencies work closely with government-sanctioned facilities and closely with the foster care system. Children adopted from this method have been removed from the home of unfit parents and made wards of the state. Private adoption agencies are small businesses or non-profits started by an individual and licensed by the state. An adoption attorney is an individual that ensured you have all the steps completed to become an adoptive parent, sets u court cases, and intercedes on your behalf in court. (Together We Rise, A Foster Care Adoption Guide, p4) Adoption Expenses. Adoption expenses including agency fee, home study cost, state fee, attorney fees, and travel. Begin Homestudy A home study is an in-depth background check, rigorous interview, and detailed safety check of potential adoptive parents and their home. A home study is a way a social worker gets to know a family and deem them ready for adopting. During this process, social workers help the family prepare for their child. All those wishing to adopt must take part in a home study. The process can take anywhere from three to six months to a year. This time stamp depends on the cooperation of the agency, family, and social worker. Home studies must be renewed throughout the stay of the foster child and each adoptive family will be checked in on for a period after the adoption is complete. (Together We Rise, A Foster Care Adoption Guide, p8) Meet your child, prepare, and bring them home Adoptive parents find their children through photo banks, adoption fairs, and family matching opportunities. When a child is chosen parents can get to know their child through the social worker as well as the foster family. When preparing for a child adoptive parents must prepare the appropriate sleeping area, enrolment in school, as well as purchase essentials such as clothing and school supplies. It is also important to seek out support groups and council for adoptive parents and children alike. When a family is matched with a child and all paperwork is completed, parents may be given temporary custody of the child until finalization of the adoption. (Together We Rise, A Foster Care Adoption Guide, pp7-8) Petition to adopt and finalize the adoption Once a match is made, a family must submit a formal petition to adopt. When submitting this the family is required to have, their childs birth certificate, a written request to adopt, a declaration of best interest, a statement with the legal reason of removal from biological families custody, and a disclosure of relationship with the child. (Together We Rise, A Foster Care Adoption Guide, pp8-9) Foster Care in the US Foster care is a reward and a very important institution. The family that cares for children during their time in care an alter and shape a child for life. According to a study, Children placed in foster homes headed by a married couple were almost three times more likely to achieve a timely adoption placement than those placed in single parent foster homes. (McDonald, Tom; Press, Alan; Billings, Peggy; Moore, Terry, 2018, p14) Foster Care Laws In the United States, there is a Foster Care Bill of rights that outlines the rights of the children and the way they should be taken care of. This Bill of Rights ensures that children in foster care are treated with the same respect children in their natural homes have. Kinship placements. A kinship placement is the placement of a child with blood relatives or close family friends. How to become a foster parent. Becoming a Foster parent follows similar, if not the same process as adopting a child. The only difference is that in the instance of foster care, the foster parents only receive temporary custody of the child. Statistics 1 of 3 foster children is homeless within one year after turning 18. 3% of foster children will receive a college degree. About. 80% of the prison population have been in foster care. 75% receive public assistance after leaving the foster care system. (Together We Rise, A Foster Care Adoption Guide, pp1) Adoption in the US Adoption is a very necessary institution in the US with the many orphans and children in the custody of the state. Statistics. According to a study, Children under age two at removal were almost four times as likely to achieve timely adoption placement than were children over age 12 at first removal. (McDonald, Tom; Press, Alan; Billings, Peggy; Moore, Terry, 2018, p16)Although younger children are typically chosen for adoption sooner, older childrens adoption process moves faster once in adoptive homes. When it is deemed adoption is in the better interest of a child than reunification, children are 50% more likely to achieve timely adoption placement. (McDonald, Tom; Press, Alan; Billings, Peggy; Moore, Terry, 2018, p16) Qualifications for adoptive parents. Qualifications for adoptive parents vary by location but some examples include; criminal background, number of children currently in the household, financial situation, mental health evaluation, location, and many other factors. Qualifications for adoptable children. In order for children to be deemed adoptable, they must first have parental rights terminated. Rights can be terminated due to abuse, neglect, negligence, endangerment, etc. Social Workers Role The adoption process can be very stressful for both parents and children alike. The social workers involved in the adoption process on multiple levels. Social workers perform a number of tasks to assist the process.   Social Workers make or break a process. According to a study, many caseworkers they interviewed held negative attitudes about the adoptability of some children thereby increasing delays in their placement (Avery 1999; Avery, 2000; Schmidt-Tieszen McDonald, 1998). In another study, caseworkers cultural bias towards, African American children and families and poor families, lengthens the time these children spend in foster care without a permanent placement and decreases the likelihood of these children being reunited with their families. (McDonald, Tom; Press, Alan; Billings, Peggy; Moore, Terry, 2018, p21) Home studies Social Workers implement home studies. During home studies, Social Workers conduct in-depth interviews with parents and potential parents. Home studies also involve a safety inspection of the potential home. (Crea, T. M., Griffin, A., Barth, R. P., 2011, p28) Assessment of children Social Workers meet with children on regular basis in order to assess the process of the child. Social workers interview the child in order to see how their placement is working out as well as to check on daily activities such as school and extracurricular activities. (Social Work Policy Institute, 2010, ?3) Assessment of Birth Parents Social Workers meet with biological families and assist them with goal setting. Social workers link families with resources after rights are terminated as well as during the termination process. Social workers join biological families in court to testify on behalf of biological families character. (Social Work Policy Institute, 2010, ?3) Placement Transitions Social Workers facilitate the transition between foster homes or between a foster home and adoptive home. Social Workers transport children as well as provide a familiar face in an unsure situation. Social Workers also introduce children to their new placement parents. (Social Work Policy Institute, 2010, ?3) Post Adoption Support Social workers provide support to families through individual and group counseling and a case plan to induce bonding and stress relief. Social Workers put adoptive parents and adoptive children in contact with resources to give support to families in the transition process. Post-adoption Social Workers highlight the importance of open communication between all parties involved. Adoption can be a stressful and complicated time and open and honest communication can include all members of the family and keep anyone from getting lost in the shuffle. (Social Work Policy Institute, 2010, ?3) My future work plans I can see myself here. I am passionate about adoption and passionate about child welfare. My passion in life is for hurt children and broken families. My desire is to protect and help children. In my professional future, I would love to work on a close level with children in foster care as an advocate. In my personal life, it is my deep desire to adopt from foster care.

Harmonization of Accounting Standards - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5677 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Vol. 2, No. 2 International Business Research Harmonization of Accounting Standards through Internationalization Nikhil Chandra Shil, ACMA (Corresponding Author) Department of Business Administration East West University 43, Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka – 1212, Bangladesh Tel: 9887989(Off. ) ext 253, 01819289589 (M) Dr. Bhagaban Das P. G. Department of Business Management, Fakir Mohan University P. O. : Balasore, Pin. : 756019, Orissa, India E-mail: [emailprotected] com Alok Kumar Pramanik Department of Commerce, Bhatter College P. O. Dantan, Pin. : 721426, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India E-mail: [emailprotected] com Abstract The journey to have a common set of accounting standards started long before to give it a professional shape and essence. And accountants all over the world feel the necessity to shorten the gap among different streams of accounting practices through harmonization. Still, we have a couple of strong variants of accounting practices (say, for example, US GAAP, UK GAAP, IAS etc. ) over the world existed and practiced simultaneously. These variants are working as threats towards harmonization of accounting practices. However, the profession has also witnessed some improvements in recent years in the process of global convergence putting some ray of hope. International and even local standard setting bodies have come up with projects of harmonization and in most of the cases became successful. The day is not far away when we will observe that accounting world is controlled and guided by a single set of standards giving it a status of legal discipline in true sense. The paper focuses on this harmonization issue, its current status, challenges with special reference to Indian perspective. Keywords: Harmonization of Accounting Standards, International Accounting Standards, International Financial Reporting Standards, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Securities and Exchange Commission, International Accounting Standards Committee, Convergence of accounting standards. 1. Introduction Harmonization of accounting standards has become a highly demanded issue of discussion and debate among accounting professionals around the globe. Accounting Standards are the authoritative statements of best accounting practices issued by recognized expert accountancy bodies relating to various aspects of measurements, treatments and disclosures of accounting transactions and events, as related to the codification of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). These are stated to be the norms of accounting policies and practices by way of codes or guidelines to direct as to how the items, which make up the financial statements, should be dealt with in accounts and presented in the annual accounts. In fact, such statements are designed and prescribed to improve and benchmark the quality of financial reporting. They bring about uniformity in financial reporting and ensure consistency and comparability in the d ata published by enterprises. These are aimed at furnishing useful information to different users of the financial statements, such as shareholders, creditors, lenders, management, investors, suppliers, competitors, researchers, regulatory bodies and society at large. The process of harmonization gives the global community a single entity. The diversity of stockholding doesn’t matter today if the accounting system can generate general purpose financial statements in real sense. Thus, along with the process of globalization, the awareness of investors in capital markets has increased manifold and the size of investors 194 E-mail: [emailprotected] com International Business Research April, 2009 is multiplying. Foreign institution investors (FIIs) are investing in significant volume globally, as also are several Indian companies through GDRs (Global Depository Receipts) and ADRs (American Depository Receipts). Hence, the need for harmonization of accounting standards has b een strongly advocated globally in order to faster the economic decision-making process. Accounting has already bagged the status of the’ language of the business’ that requires reporting of the affairs in a commonly understandable way. At the World Bank Conference held in 1999, Jules W. Muis aptly states â€Å"†¦. power to control the language of business is important. Standard setters will come ahead as the world grows smaller, and economic independence is no longer an ption but a reality. So it happens that today a good observer can see the preparations of battle for the control of the international language of business slowly unfolds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this context, the statement of Harvey Pitt, US SEC Chairman at SEC Conference, (2002) is worth mentioning, â€Å"High quality global accounting standards are needed to improve the ability of investors to make informed financial decisions. Companies must keep pace with this progress in order to promote and protec t their business credibility in the international market place. It is for this reason that the convergence of accounting standards is so important. The process of convergence is accepted as the key factor to implement a single set of accounting standards across the globe. The paper follows a scholarly search approach to discuss the recent status of harmonization in accounting practices. 2. Objectives The objectives of current study are very straight forward. The very basic issue is to explain the need of harmonization in practices. Later on, it focuses on the regulatory authorities who are working actively to bring the convergence into practice. The paper also presents the success stories in the process of harmonization with the challenges ahead. Indian status has been addressed separately to report the situation of a developing county. 3. Rationales of Harmonization of Accounting Standards To allow the gains from the global economy to be fully realized, it is argued that account ing policy should be standardized among nations. This harmonization of accounting standards will help the world economy in the following ways: by facilitating international transactions and minimizing exchange costs by providing increasingly perfect information; by standardizing information to world-wide economic policy-makers; by improving financial markets information; and by improving government accountability. However, some specific points are presented below addressing the rationality of harmonization. A harmonization of accounting policy would help provide a level playing field globally. Regulators and auditors will be receiving the same information, facilitating the evaluation process. In the absence of free trade, international accounting standards will allow nations tariffs, quotas and other trade restraint mechanisms to be more accurate and less risky for those engaged in trade. Investors and managers will be able to make more valuable decisions. World resources will be better managed and allocated. The recent expansion of international capital markets and availability of instantaneous global communication have placed on accounting the onus to provide useful and comparable information across international boarders (Rivera, 1989). On many stock exchanges, currently, foreign listings are a large percentage of total listings (https://www. fibv. com). As per ICAI estimates, 20% of total listing on New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is of foreign origin. In case of London Stock Exchange, this is 16% and in Luxembourg, the percentage is 82%. On 12 March 2002, the European Parliament voted overwhelmingly in favor of the EU Commission’s proposal that all EU listed companies must follow standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in their consolidated financial statements starting no later than 2005. Over 7,000 EU listed companies are directly affected by this proposal (Samir, 2003). The rapid growth of international trade and internationalization of firms, the developments of new communication technologies, and the emergence of international competitive forces is perturbing the financial environment largely. Under this global business scenario, the residents of the business community are badly in need of a common accounting language that should be spoken by all of them across the globe. A financial reporting system of global standard is a prerequisite for attracting foreign as well as present and prospective investors at home alike that should be achieved through convergence of accounting standards (Hati and Rakshit, 2002). ICAI president K. S. Vikamsey (2001) is of opinion that ‘People who invest overseas naturally want to be able to keep track of the financial health of the securities issuers. Convergence of accounting standards is the only means to achieve this. Only by talking the same language one can understand each other across borders. ’ With the absence of harmoniza tion in accounting standards the additional cost of financial reporting along with the difficulties that multinational groups faces in the manner in which they undertake transactions becomes critical. It is quite possible for a transaction to give rise to a profit under one accounting standard, whereas it may require a deferral under another standard. Thus, multinationals working in both the US and the UK face a good deal of trouble to prepare consolidated financial statements. When a multinational company has to report under the standards of both of the 195 Vol. 2, No. 2 countries it might lead to some extremely odd results. For instance, International Business Research Daimler Benz, who was the first German to secure stock market listing in the United States, reported a net profit of DM 158m for the six months to June 1998 based on German GAAP. The U. S GAAP reconciliation statement revealed that the company had incurred a loss of DM. 949m. Similarly, British Telecom Inc. re ported a net profit of ? 1767 for the year ended 31-3-1994 under the UK GAAP but under the US GAAP reconciliation, the net profit reduced to ? 1476. Harmonization is not an end by itself, but it is a means to an end. Adoption of different accounting standards causes difficulties in making relative evaluation of performance of companies. This phenomenon hinders the valuation and consequently the decision making process. There are numerous instances in India and around the world of bad accounting practices leading to corporate failures. Corporations wish non-recurrence of another Enron and like. Another significant benefit that is expected to accrue from global convergence of accounting standards relates to cross–boarder mergers and acquisitions facilitation. Last though not the least, it improves the quality of financial reporting throughout the globe. 4. Institutional Efforts of Harmonization A number of international organizations are working to reduce the differences in accounting standards between nations and trying to eliminate all necessary differences (Nair and Frank, 1980). The concept of convergence of accounting standards relates back to 19th century when the idea of â€Å"International Accounting Standards† was germinated in the first International Congress of Accountants held at St. Louis in 1904. Again in 1957, when 7th International Congress of Accountants held in Amsterdam, Mr. Jacobkraayenhof, spoke on the need of international accounting cooperation and standardization. Latter in 1966, discussions were made among the various professional bodies like the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales, Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants and Association of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of America. The discussions were led by Sir Henry Benson, the then President of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales and ultimately a study group was ormed to conduct comparative studies on the accounting thoughts and practices among participating countries. It conducted about twenty studies on accounting and auditing topics during its eleven years lifetime. Ultimately, the senior officers of the study group decided to establish international standards. The meeting was held in 1972, and in the 10th International Congress of Accountants at Sydney, the International Coordination Committee for Accounting Profession (ICCAP) was formed to lay the groundwork for the establishment of a formal organization for the International Accounting Standards. The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), now International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) came into existence as a result of an agreement by 16 accounting bodies representing 9 nations, i. e. , Canada, Australia, France, Japan, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, United Kingdom and the United States of America on 29th June 1973, with its secretariat and head quarters at London (https://www. iasplus. com). At pre sent IASC has 153 accounting bodies representing 112 countries. It has so far issued 41 standards to harmonize the diverse accounting standards and policies at present in use in different countries. Barring Canada, Japan and the US, all countries have accepted these standards. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has approved a code of conduct for multinational enterprises for harmonization of national and international bodies. The UN Commission on Transnational Co-operation made efforts to establish disclosure standards for multinational corporation operating in the Third World Countries. The Accountants International Study Group (AISG) publishes fifteen comparative studies in order to harmonize financial accounting practices. The international Federation of Stock Exchanges has recommended that its members make compliance with the IASC accounting standards as a condition for listing stock (Most, 1984). These are undoubtedly some milestones on the way of harmonization. 5. Fast Facts in the Process of Convergence The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), constituted in 1973 has passed through many phases of its journey to come to this present stage. It is felt pertinent to discuss all these here briefly for the knowledge of our esteemed readers. In the year 1995, IASC entered into an agreement with International Organization on Securities Commission (IOSCO) on a mission to complete â€Å"comprehensive core set of Standards† that could be used for cross-boarder and national listings. In fact, this was due to growing recognition of the need for global accounting standards. To give proper direction on how to interpret these standards led to the setting up of the Standards Interpretations Committee (SIC) in 1997. In December 1999, the board of the International Accounting Standards Committee has approved proposal to make changes in the structure of the committee with a view to achieve global convergence . On May 2000, one most important breakthrough was reached when the International Organization on Securities Commission (IOSCO) accepted 30 core International Accounting Standards. This backing by IOSCO for the use of International Accounting Standards by member stock exchanges led to the acceptance and recognition of the 196 International Business Research April, 2009 International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) as a worldwide standard setter. Further, it was followed by the reformation of IASC to International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2001. Consequently, IAS is now renamed as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), have brought into limelight. Consequently, in the same year the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) suggested the acceptance of IAS for use in cross-border listings in the US, without reconciliation to results under the US-GAAP (Madan, 2002). In 2001, the international fraternity of accountants took stock of the situation and constituted the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to evolve and prescribe norms for treatment of several items in the preparation and presentation of financial statements. IASB adopted all the 41 standards issued by the IASC till 2001. These standards were thoroughly revised and updated in view of the changes in industry and the need for rationalization. In October 2002, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed between the IASB and the FASB, the two major players in the accounting standards arena, which is well known as Norwalk agreement. The two grand bodies agreed to put their best efforts to make their financial reporting standards fully compatible. The Norwalk agreement was welcomed throughout the accounting circles including the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) was constituted to replace the SIC. This committee meets periodically to discuss and spell out their interpretation s. It deals with matured as well as emerging issues. The former are those covered by existing standards but not satisfactorily practiced, and the latter are new topics relating to an existing IAS but not considered while developing the standard. The last milestone in the process of convergence was done on 12 March 2002, when the European Parliament voted overwhelmingly in favor of the EU Commission’s proposal that all EU listed companies must follow standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board in their consolidated financial statements starting no later than 2005. This put an â€Å"end to the current Tower of Babel in financial reporting†. This decision also seems to have placed IAS firmly in the driver’s seat as the eventual global standard. Canada, Australia, and a number of other countries have announced intention to adopt IAS. United States, which has shown a preference for maintaining its independent standards setting body for a pr etty longer period, is evidencing interest in convergence of accounting standards. 6. Present Global Scenario The countdowns to the harmonization of national and international accounting standards and an improvement in the quality of financial reporting at a global level are best tracked chronologically. The current world scenario on the subject of harmonization gets going on 12 March 2002, when the EU Commission directed all European companies trading in the European Securities Market to adopt IAS in 2005, and all non- European companies (following US GAPP or any other standards) up to 2007. In June 2004, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) had issued standards and interpretations that all accounting standards of Australia that are equivalent to International Financial Reporting Standards (A IFRS) must be adopted from 2005 in their country. Many countries like Korea, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Zimbabwe, Mongolia, Malta, and Uganda are adopting IAS. The inform ation about accounting principles applicable in Syria and Tunisia indicates that they are similar to international accounting standards. At present, all companies and banks in Russia are required to prepare their financial statements in accordance with IAS. New Zealand’s Accounting Standards Review Board (ASRB) and Financial Reporting Standards Board (NZ FRSB) have adopted 36 new accounting standards and 12 interpretations in January 2005. And these formed New Zealand’s equivalent of the International Financial Reporting Standards (NZ IFRS). It is going to implement IASB standards with effect from 1st January 2007. Hong Kong is an important international financial hub. Its stock market ranks second largest in Asia and eight largest in the world in terms of market capitalization. The Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants (HKICPA), the standard setting body of Hong Kong has been pursing the policy of aligning its standards with IAS since the early 1990s. Most recently, HKICPA has further committed time and resources to support convergence. Philippines have also adopted national standards that are identical to IFRS from 2005. Singapore has adopted many accounting standards from IFRS that essentially word for word. Now these are known as Singapore’s equivalents of IFRS (S IFRS). Japan, the major player in the global capital market and the second largest capital market in the world, is a strong supporter of IASB. The Japanese Institute of Certified Public Accountants is now working in collaboration with the IASB to make the Japanese standards essentially equivalent to international standards. Japan too has undertaken a joint project in collaboration with IASB to remove the differences between Japanese Accounting Standards (JAS) and IFRS by January 2005. 197 Vol. 2, No. 2 International Business Research The Canadian Accounting Standard Board (CASB) has also announced its intention to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in five years. Canada’s decision to adopt IFRS means that out of original G4 nations, US is the only member that has not gone over to international standards. In Egypt, Egyptian Accounting standards have prepared to comply with international accounting standards except for certain minor differences to adopt Egyptian economic environment. Therefore, all companies listed in the Cairo Stock Exchanges must follow IAS. Kuwait adopted IAS as its national standards. Therefore, all Kuwaiti companies are following IAS for the purpose of listing. All companies in Jordan, both domestic and foreign, listed in the Amman Stock Exchange must follow IAS. However, in Turkey, oreign companies may follow any one out of three standards, such as, International Accounting Standards, UK GAAP and US GAPP for listing in Istanbul Stock Exchange. In the Middle East, most of the countries have welcomed the International Accounting Standards. For cases in point, Bahrain, Qatar, Leban on, and Oman are considering IAS as the replacement to their domestic standards. Of course, Iran and Israel had shown reluctance for the use of International Accounting Standards. In Iran, all companies to be listed in Iranian Stock exchange must have to follow Iranian accounting principles. Similarly all companies must have to follow Iranian accounting principles, if they want to be listed in Tel Alive Stock exchange. On January 1, 2007, more than 1,100 Chinese companies switched to new accounting standards that brought their books in line with international norms. From next year, the companies will have to apply a new set of 38 standards, under the China Accounting Standards System, that are basically in line with IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) norms. But, there is far more at stake than improving accounting practices at China’s listed firms. Chinese companies are increasingly looking overseas for funds and acquisitions. Adopting international standar ds will make this easier by increasing their transparency and credibility. In Bangladesh, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) set standards for the country through its Technical and Research Committee. Till date, it has adopted all eight IFRSs and twenty six IASs. In terms of standards, the gap between IASs and the standards as followed in Bangladesh is insignificant though some national laws give contradictory prescription in single situation. Another milestone reached by Bangladesh is that it has enacted the Financial Reporting Act 2008 to control financial reporting activities and, at the same time, to do the watchdog function of the accounting and auditing profession that will further strengthen the harmonization process. From above deliberations, it can be believed at this moment that, the IOSCO’s endorsement of the IASC standards has paved the way for unification of accounting standards globally and emergence of the true artificial language de signed for global use in the field of accounting (Srkant, 2005). Today the world of accounting feels that International Accounting Standards should be that language, as it is the only set of standards that has been prepared through wide international consultations and participations. 7. What will happen if USA does not adopt IAS? Now it is realized that, barring very few, almost all countries of the world are interested to follow IAS as their accounting standards. USA is the only main country reluctant to adopt it. Now question arises what will happen if super-power of the world and a highly developed economy like USA does not adopt IAS? Executive search firm, Russell Reynolds’ survey of chairmen across 145 European companies has found: (a) over half the chairmen of companies with US listings said they would consider de-listing because of Sarbanes-Oxley, in spite of the difficulties in taking shares off the US exchanges; (b) 70% of those heading companies not yet listed in the US said Sarbanes-Oxley would dissuade them from seeking a US listing. With the relatively tighter regulation in the US, several large companies are understood to be evaluating other capital markets that accept IFRS (Memani, 2006). While such situations provide an opportunity for IFRS to flourish, it would still be inappropriate to stay limited to that perspective. This is because IFRS stands a fair chance on its own, with its acceptance by EU, and also given the fact that many countries have traditionally followed IFRS or IFRS-inspired national accounting standards. 8. Harmonized Accounting Standards: Issues and Challenges In spite of all, achieving global convergence in accounting standards is not an easy task. There are a number of issues to overcome. First of all, there seems to be a reluctance to adopt the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) norms in the US. This is definitely a problem. The US is the largest market and it is important for IASC stan dards to be harmonized with those prevailing there. The US lobby is strong, and they have formed the G4 nations, with the UK, Canada, and Australia (with New Zealand) as the other members. IASC merely enjoys observer status in the meetings of the G4, and cannot vote. Even when the standards are only slightly different, the US accounting body treats them as a big difference, the idea being to show that their standards are the best. However, except US all other members of G4 has adopted the IAS more or less to some extent. 198 International Business Research April, 2009 Second, accounting standards have been developed in different countries under different legal, economic, social and cultural environments. For this reason there exists such diversity in accounting standards among the countries through the globe. If convergence is to be achieved, it is first necessary to arrive at an agreement as to the central objective of financial reporting. The IASB standards are oriented to s erve the needs of investors and capital markets. Countries that have a different financial reporting philosophy would find it extremely difficult to harmonize their domestic standards with International Financial Reporting Standards. Third, the quality of financial reporting depends on the quality of accounting standards as well as the effectiveness of the process by which those standards are implemented. Adequate regulatory and other supports are necessary to ensure proper implementation of standards. Implementation of accounting standards is not an easy task. In spite of convergence, there is no assurance that they will be implemented with same amount of vigor in every jurisdiction. Last, convergence of accounting standards with international approach will inevitably raise the questions of rules versus principles. IASB standards are principles-based. Thus the countries that have rules-based standards are expected to experience considerable difficulty in harmonization of their s tandards with IFRS. There are challenges that IASB and nations adopting IFRS need to address in the coming days. One big challenge for countries adopting IFRS is the shortage of manpower and more particularly, IFRS-trained manpower. For case in point, with just six months to go before China’s listed companies adopt IFRS, demand for accountants is rising and could run into millions in the coming years, if the new standards are rolled out for all of the country’s companies and not just the listed ones. Accountants say that the challenge for China, as it scrambles to meet the accounting shift deadline, will lie in getting its over-1,100 listed companies to establish the appropriate financial reporting systems and in training enough qualified accountants by January. The risk is that some of these companies may fail to make the transition on time. Estimates reveal that China has a shortfall of 300,000 qualified accountants and is likely to require a further three mill ion over the coming years to keep pace with its current rate of economic growth. . Status of Indian Accounting Standards India is a member of IASC. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), the apex body of accounting and auditing, constituted an Accounting Standards Board (ASB) on April 21, 1977, to pronounce standards on various items of the financial statements. The current Indian accounting standards are of good quality in most instances and in fact, are practically the same as IASs. The statutory audit was the only enforcement mechanism till 1999. It was in 1999 when the Government of India constituted the National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards (NACAS), an advisory body on accounting standards by inserting Section 210A in the Companies (Amendment) Act 1999. So far, the NACAS has advised the adoption of 27 accounting standards developed by ASB. In support of its commitment to adopt IAS; the ASB is examining the various standards revised by IASB to i nitiate revision in its corresponding. This Board has been releasing standards from time to time. Certain of the standards have also been revised/deleted/curtailed in the light of new and additional standards as well as the experience of the industry. Moreover, the Board has also prepared a comparative statement listing the IAS with corresponding Indian Accounting Standards, and also the standards which are irrelevant in the context of present economic and business scenario (Chowdhury, 2000). Till now, 29 Accounting Standards have been issued by the ICAI as against the 41 International Accounting Standards. There are also five International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). In India, since the ASB is not yet functional, the accounting standards as pronounced by the ICAI are adaptable by every entity whose financial statements are subject to audit. 10. Grounds of Diversity between Indian Accounting Standards and IAS India is slowly entering into the arena of accounting stan dards. But the progress of formulation of accounting standards has been very slow as compared with the developments at international levels. However, some of the accounting standards in India conform to the International Accounting Standards. Still there are significant variations between these two. Efforts are on to counterpart Indian accounting standards with the IAS. A study of their variations would be crucial for bridging the gaps (Reddy, 2000). For India, the multiplicity of standard setters leads to delay and lack of direction. The increased complexity of the fair valuation models as prescribed by international standards requires extensive valuation/objective professional judgments, integrity and uniformity of approach, which may not be easily achievable across all countries—particularly in the emerging economies like India. It may be noted that in several important areas, when the Indian Standards are implemented, the accounting treatment in these areas could le ad to differences in the restatement of accounts in accordance with IAS. Some of these areas include: a) Consolidated financial statements, b) Accounting for income taxes, c) Financial Instruments and d) Intangible Assets. Another reason for the prevailing divergent accounting practices in the Indian Accounting Standards is the provisions of 199 Vol. 2, No. 2 International Business Research he Income Tax Act 1961 and Indian Companies Act 1956. They do not go together. Sometimes, the prescriptions are contradictory on a similar issue. 10. 1 Company law and Accounting Standards In India, though accounting standards setting is presently being done by ICAI, one could discern a tentative and halfhearted foray by company legislation in to the making of accounting rules of Measurement and reporting. This action by itself is not the sore point but the failure to keep pace with the changes and simultaneously not allowing scope for some one else to do it is disturbing. A study of the requi rement of company law regarding the financial statements reveal several lacunae like earning per share, information about future cash flows, consolidation, mergers, acquisitions etc. 10. 2 Income Tax Act and Accounting Standards The Income Tax Act does not recognize the accounting standards for most of the items while computing income under the head Profits Gains of Business or Profession. Section 145(2) of the I. T. Act has empowered the Central Government to prescribe accounting standards. The standards prescribed so far constitute a rehash of the related accounting standards prescribed by ICAI for corporate accounting. On a close scrutiny of these standards one is left wondering about the purpose and value of this effort. Examples are application of prudence substance over form, adherence to principles of going concern etc. 10. 3 Other regulations and accounting standards In respect of banks, financial institutions, and finance companies the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) pronou nces policies among others, revenue recognition, provisioning and assets classifications. Similarly the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association (FEDAI) provides guidelines regarding accounting for foreign exchange transactions. Since the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is an important regulatory body it would also like to have its own accounting standards and in fact, it has started the process by notifying cash flow reporting format. It is also in the process of issuing a standard on the accounting policies for mutual funds. It appears as if several authorities in India are keen to have a say in the matter of framing accounting rules of measurement and reporting. The tentative and half-hearted legal and regulatory intervention in accounting in India has come in the way of development of robust, continuously evolving and dynamic accounting theory and standards (https://www. icai. org). In spite of this, India’s adoption of IAS is inevitable. When the whole world is adopting one language, it will be simply impossible on the part of India to hold it out for a too long period. 11. The Conclusion Harmonization is the process by which differences in practices among countries are reduced (Doupnik, 1987). The case of harmonizing accounting practices and principles at the international level is stronger today that it has ever been (McComb, 1982). Even, the IASC itself is concerned with removing unnecessary differences in accounting principles and practice throughout the world (McComb, 1982). Overwhelmingly, the harmonization of accounting practices suffers from a lack of synchronization between the issuance of standards at the national level in different countries and the formulation of standards by the IASC (Rivera, 1989). At the same time, both success and failure exists in the process of harmonization. For example, the American Institute of Chartered Accountants (AICPA) adopts the view that US GAAP being superior to IASs and its member mu st necessarily comply with the former (Most, 1984). As we know that it is an age of globalization, there is no conceptual boundary among the nations. And this is not difficult at all to choose superior standards through the current process of setting the standards. The attainment of a single set of accounting and reporting standards is the demand of the time. We will fall behind if this harmonization process takes more time. Many of the initial hurdles in the process of harmonization have been overcome and much progress towards convergence of accounting principles and procedures among countries has already been achieved. Convergence initiatives are now working much more effectively than ever before. Differences are still there but they are narrowing. It is expected that the pace of progress in the sphere of convergence will accelerate further in the coming years. In Indian perspective, it will continue to adopt IASs/IFRSs in the near future with few modifications to cater to t he requirements of local climate. Setting IFRS under new regulatory framework is also a notable success in harmonization. IAS permits some alternative practices that has been reduced in IFRS to make the prescription common to all so that following same standards cannot generate varying practices. We expect that this process will ultimately set new benchmark for achieving harmonization in both national and international level. References Chowdhury, A. K. (2000). Compliance with accounting standards in India, why and how? Management accountant, ICWAI, March 2000. 200 International Business Research April, 2009 Doupnik, T. S. (1987). Evidence of International Harmonization of Financial Reporting. International Journal of Accounting, 23(1), 12-27. Hati, W. J. and Rakshit, D. (2002). Integrating accounting standards — A step towards harmonization. Management accountant, ICWAI, May 2002. https://www. fibv. com (Retrieved on 19. 05. 2007). https://www. iasplus. com (Retrieved on 12. 7. 2007). https://www. icai. org/resource/o_ac_standard. html (Retrieved on 27. 09. 2007). Madan V. (2002). Re-Statement under US GAAP. India Infoline Newsletter, IMT Ghaziabad. McComb, D. (1982). International Accounting Standards and the EEC Harmonization Program: A Conflict of Disparate Objective. International Journal of Accounting, spring, 35-48. Memani, R. (2006). Accounting a Milestone for Global Markets. The Financial Express, July 27, 2006. Most, K. S. (1984). International Conflict of Accounting Standards, A Research Monograph, No. 8. The Canadian Certified General Accountants Research Foundation. Reddy, K. R. (2000). Accounting standards and Gaps in Practices in India. Management accountant, ICWAI, April 2000. Rivera, J. M. (1989). The Internationalization of Accounting Standards: Past Problems and Current Perspectives. International Journal of Accounting, 24(4), 320-342. Samir, M. S. (2003). Harmonization of Accounting Standards. Chartered Accountant, ICAI, Januar y 2003. Srkant, S. (2005). Accounting Standards – will the World be talking same language? Chartered Accountant, ICAI, February 2005. 201 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Harmonization of Accounting Standards" essay for you Create order

State s Rights By John C. Calhoun During The...

State’s rights were the main interest of John C. Calhoun during the nullification crisis. He argued that states had the right to nullify a law or an act passed by the government, such as a tariff, and render it void. Through a convention held in South Carolina discord arose as the result of the convention clearly expressed that the tariff’s taxes were not to be collected within that state. Although it was Calhoun that approved the convention’s ruling, it was the majority that favored the idea of stronger state’s rights, and the ability to nullify what they viewed as unconstitutional. Consequently this resulted in a swift response from Jackson in the form of the Force Bill, allowing the use of military to enforce the acts in South†¦show more content†¦Incidentally, a few years later the discussion of the annexation of Texas to the United States had begun, but required years of debate before the final decision came in December of 1845 where Texas j oined the Union as a slave state. This issue of slavery caused much of the debate in whether or not to accept Texas into the Union as doing so may have further disrupted the status quo by upsetting the political balance in Congress and in the country. All the while, Mexico remained another source of concern as people thought the annexation of Texas would cause some sort of trouble with them. Despite all of this, Texas was eventually annexed with its own new state government and constitution to go along with it. Although it had already been defeated by Texas in their revolt, Mexico remained angry at the annexation of Texas and began the Mexican-American War spanning all of 2 years, from 1846 to 1848 bested by the American army. This resulted in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, establishing the Rio Grande as the United States-Mexican border. 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Civil and Criminal Court Proceedings free essay sample

?What is the difference between criminal and civil court? Criminal Cases Criminal acts are those that go against the rules of the Criminal Code or against another federal statute (e. g. the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act). In Canada, a criminal act is legally seen as an offence against the state, even though there may have been a specific individual who was the victim of the crime. In a criminal trial, there are two sides: the prosecution and the defence. The prosecution brings the case to trial. The lawyer who prosecutes is called a Crown, or Prosecuting Attorney. Crown refers to his or her role as representative of the state. If there is a victim of the crime, that person will have their own legal representation. The Crown Attorney is not their lawyer. If they have a role in the trial, it will be as a witness to the crime. The person charged with committing a criminal act is called the accused or the defendant. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil and Criminal Court Proceedings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The accused has the right to represent him or herself, but is most often represented by a defence lawyer. A person accused of a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty. It is the prosecutions job to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a person is guilty. If the prosecution is unable to do this, the accused is acquitted and set free. The rights of the accused person are guaranteed in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. If an accused person is found guilty, they will receive a sentence, or punishment. This could range from a small fine to a long time in prison, depending on the crime. The death penalty is not practised in Canada. Young Offenders In Canada, people under the age of 18 who are charged with a crime fall under the Young Offenders Act. This Act is based on the idea that a younger person should not be treated the same way as an accused or convicted adult. In Ontario, if a person between the ages of 12 and 15 goes to trial on criminal charges, they will appear in a Family Court. Anyone aged 16 or 17 will appear before an Ontario Court of Justice. The Young Offenders Act is currently under review by the federal government. Civil Cases In a civil case, both parties are called litigants. The person who brings the issue to the courts is called a plaintiff, and the person responding is called a defendant. Suing a person or an organization is done through civil aw. Family Law and Labour Law are both examples of civil law. If a civil claim is ruled valid, the judge will likely state how the problem can be fiexed (ie. name a rememdy) Depending on the case, the judge might tell the defendant to pay the plaintiff damages, make a public apology or stop a particular activity or action. For example, if you had filed an action aga inst a newspaper for publishing incorrect and harmful information about you, a judge might tell the newspaper to print a correction and an apology and to pay you for the loss of reputation that you had suffered.

Opposing Viewpoints Abortion Essay Example

Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion Essay Appendix E Critical Analysis Forms Fill out one form for each source. Source 1 The â€Å"Necessary Evil† Argument Does Not Justify Abortion Forsythe, Clarke D. The Necessary Evil Argument Does Not Justify Abortion. Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion. Ed. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 9 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. The myths behind â€Å"Necessary Evil† of abortions and how referring to these abortions as â€Å"necessary evils† attempts to put minds at ease from a moral standpoint. Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I believe no bias exist; he appears to show both sides of the abortion topic Example 1: â€Å"The myth of abortion as a necessary evil has serious implications for future public debate. First, it means that abortion opponents have won the essential debat e that the unborn is a human being and not mere tissue. † Example 2: he states â€Å"Second, it means that the ideological arguments of both sides (â€Å"choice† versus â€Å"child†) often miss the much more practical concerns of Americans. There are other examples but these are just two 3 Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I feel Mr. Forsythe was very to the point in his paper; I feel he made strong clear points. 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes, I believe the source to be credible. He stated his opinion but stated both sides of the argument and used good research. 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. No I feel there was no rhetorical devices used due to the fact he kept everything on the level and only gave to the point facts. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. If any fallacy was used, I believe it would be Begging the Question due to the way he used what he called myths to make his argument 7 State one argument made by the author. â€Å"First, it means that abortion opponents have won the essential debate that the unborn is a human being and not mere tissue. We will write a custom essay sample on Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In fact, the whole thrust of the choice argument admits this and seeks to sideline Americans moral qualms by telling Americans that, even if it is a human life, the most that can be done is to persuade women not to have abortions. † 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises – â€Å"Instead, many Americans, therefore, may see abortion as necessary to avert the back alley. In this sense, the notion of legal abortion as a necessary evil is based on a series of myths widely disseminated since the 1960s. These myths captured the public mind and have yet to be rebutted. Conclusion – â€Å"But a renewal of the public dialogue wont mean much if the people are not allowed to express the public will on this issue, as they usually do in our democratic republic. In 1973, the Supreme Court claimed hegemony over the issue and created a nationwide rule of abortion on demand, preventing democratic debate and solutions. The public policy dictated by the S upreme Court collides with majority opinion and reflects the views of only the 20 percent who are committed to abortion on demand. More than twenty-six years later, that is the main reason the pot keeps boiling. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Valid – Conclusion is proven Sound – Premise is true Strong – Conclusion is supported 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. Yes his whole basis and reasoning behind the project is due to his moral beliefs. I believe he used sound judgment, strong points, and stated his facts well. Source 2 Title and Citation: Partial Birth Abortions Should Be Banned Deem, Rich. Partial-Birth Abortions Should Be Banned. Current Controversies: The Abortion Controversy. Ed. Emma Bernay. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 9 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. Arguing against Partial Birth Abortions and the ethics behind it, whether or not the babies feel pain and if its truly murder 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. There is definite bias in this article. The author definitely states his side by clearly stating how the partial births take place and his views on it. Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I found no areas vague but I had a hard time reading this so absolutely nothing appeared vague to me. All arguments seem to be very clearly and strongly presented. 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes I find it credible. Rich Deem, the author has worked in basic science research for years and is c urrently working at Cedars-Sinai MC as a researcher/specialist; therefore, he has the experience and documents statistics and credible sources. 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. Using the word â€Å"gruesome† plus the way he discussed the procedure I believe is rhetorical. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. An Appeal to Belief would be the only fallacy I might would agree to due to Rich Deem stating as strongly as he has the facts. 7 State one argument made by the author. This procedure is closer to infanticide than it is to abortion. 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premise – â€Å"A description of the procedure and why it is never medically necessary follows† Conclusion – â€Å"Intact DX (partial-birth abortion) should not be performed because it is needlessly risky, inhumane, and ethically unacceptable. This procedure is closer to infanticide than it is to abortion. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Valid – Conclusion is proven Sound – Premise is true Strong – Conclusion is supported 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. Yes, Rich Deem uses moral reasoning showing why Partial Birth Abortions should be banned through stating the steps of these abortions and how the babies feel the pain and it is dangerous for the mother. Also stating how it could not be used for mothers’ lives being endangered due to the pregnancy because of the length of time it takes to perform this practice due to the dilation process needed to take place. Source 3 Title and Citation: A Christian Group Finds Its Place Luo, Michael. A Christian Group Finds Its Place in the Public Schools. (Metropolitan Desk). The New York Times. May 24, 2006): B5(L). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 5 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. The conflict between Separation of Church and State and how some people are offended by Christianity. 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw absolutely no bias what soever by the author; the author appeared to have no feelings on this subject whatsoever and was only reporting a story. 3 Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw nothing vague or ambiguous. I saw absolutely nothing but an article reporting the facts and only the facts. 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes, the author spoke to the sources involved in the case and reported their story. 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw nothing rhetorical and not sure how to explain it other than I just really saw nothing period in the story. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I found no fallacies, again I’m not sure how to explain this other than the fact this article was written as a report and nothing more. I saw no true feelings in this story. 7 State one argument made by the author. School administrators must also wrestle with difficult questions about where the right to religious expression ends and the separation of church and state begins. 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises – â€Å"But evangelism in a public high school, especially in New York City, can be complicated. In a school like Stuyvesant, full of people with different beliefs and some with none at all, belonging to an evangelical group like Seekers can make members the objects of scorn from classmates and even teachers. † Conclusion – â€Å"The event drew to a close with a final musical number. But by then there were mostly only Seekers members remaining. Gone were the unbelieving friends many had invited. Gone were those on the fringes of the group who had come. The people left were family. They danced and sang together. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Invalid – A good premise not stated Unsound – Not a good, valid premises Weak No strong premises or conclusion 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. The author used no reasoning whatsoever; he author only used comments made by others in the article and from the Separation of Church and State. The author appeared to have no real opinion in this article at all. Source 4 Title and Citation: School Prayer Threatens Religious Liberty Americans United for Separation of Church and State. School Prayer Threatens Religious Liberty. Current Controversies: Civil Liberties. Ed. James D. Torr. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 5 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. Has Religion truly been thrown out of schools completely due to Separation of Church and State. 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw no bias as it was hard at times to tell which side of the fence the author was on. Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw no vague or ambiguous areas; all topics were clearly stated 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes, various sources were mentioned and quoted 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. Some Religious Right activists charge that the courts have misinterpreted the First Amendment to remove all traces of religion from the classroom. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. Fallacy Begging the Question – truth of conclusion is claimed 7 State one argument made by the author. ‘Has the Bible been excluded from school curriculum? In reality, the answer to these questions is no. ’ 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises . â€Å"Some Religious Right activists charge that the courts have misinterpreted the First Amendment to remove all traces of religion from the classroom. Conclusion – â€Å"Indeed, most religious denominations, ranging across the theological spectrum, have issued formal statements supporting the Supreme Courts prayer and Bible-reading decisions. These people of faith value the hard-won freedom of conscience that belongs to all of us. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Valid – Conclusion is proven Sound – Premise is true Strong – Conclusion is supported 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. Yes I believe the author uses moral reasoning behind his facts